When Charles became king following his mother's death, his wife Camilla earned the official title of Queen Consort. The difference between a queen and a queen consort is political power. After the coronation, Camilla's official title became just Queen Camilla. However, that does not change the amount of power she holds, and she is still the queen consort.
In the future when Prince William is crowned king following King Charles' death, Kate Middleton will become the new queen consort, Queen Catherine. As all consorts before her, she will not hold any political power with this title, but she can continue her charity work and other royal duties while standing alongside William during his reign.
Queen Elizabeth II's mother, Queen Elizabeth, was also a queen consort. After Elizabeth II was crowned queen following her father's death, her mother became the queen mother. If the future-King William passes away while Kate is still alive and Prince George takes the throne, Kate can become the new queen mother if she would like. According to royal expert Marlene Koenig, " ... she can choose to be styled as [Her Majesty] Queen Catherine, the Queen Mother" (via Town and Country).
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